DVWA Writeup Part I (Brute Force)

前言

Damn Vulnerable Web Application (DVWA) 是一个包含多种 Web 应用程序漏洞的应用程序，每种漏洞包含 4 个级别的攻击难度。

PS：虽然但是应该用稳定的 1.9 版本来着x

实验环境

• VirtualBox 6.0.18
• Ubuntu 16.04.6 Server
• DVWA v1.10 *Development*
• PHP 7.0
• Apache 2.4.18
• Mysql 5.7.28

项目地址

• ethicalhack3r/DVWA

Brute Force

暴力破解

Low

源码解析

直接用 $_GET 从 URL 中获取参数，未对用户名和密码进行检查和过滤。并使用未经处理的值进行数据库查询。

显然这里可以暴力破解，还可以进行 SQL 注入。

<?php

if( isset( $_GET[ 'Login' ] ) ) {
    // Get username
    $user = $_GET[ 'username' ];

    // Get password
    $pass = $_GET[ 'password' ];
    $pass = md5( $pass );

    // Check the database
    $query  = "SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE user = '$user' AND password = '$pass';";
    $result = mysqli_query($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"],  $query ) or die( '<pre>' . ((is_object($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"])) ? mysqli_error($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]) : (($___mysqli_res = mysqli_connect_error()) ? $___mysqli_res : false)) . '</pre>' );

    if( $result && mysqli_num_rows( $result ) == 1 ) {
        // Get users details
        $row    = mysqli_fetch_assoc( $result );
        $avatar = $row["avatar"];

        // Login successful
        echo "<p>Welcome to the password protected area {$user}</p>";
        echo "<img src=\"{$avatar}\" />";
    }
    else {
        // Login failed
        echo "<pre><br />Username and/or password incorrect.</pre>";
    }

    ((is_null($___mysqli_res = mysqli_close($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]))) ? false : $___mysqli_res);
}

?>

漏洞利用

Burp Suite

首先配置浏览器使用 Burp Suite 代理，利用 Burp Suite 中的 Proxy 模块拦截数据包，从拦截到的请求数据看来用户名和密码都是明文传输。

将请求数据发送到 Intruder 模块进行暴力破解，爆破字典使用 Kali 内置的字典 /usr/share/wordlists/fasttrack.txt，共 222 项。

使用 § 符号标记需要测试的数据，使用常用的默认管理用户名 admin 进行爆破测试（偷懒）。

根据返回的数据长度推测爆破成功，即密码为 password

手工 SQL 注入

根据源码分析存在注入漏洞，以下为注入语句

• admin'#
• admin'--
  • MySQL 注释 # 或 -- （空格）
• admin' or' 1'='1
  • 利用布尔值

参阅

• PHP Manual - $_GET
• Configuring Firefox to work with Burp
• Using Burp Intruder
• Configuring a Burp Intruder Attack
• Comment Syntax

Medium

源码解析

对用户名和密码进行处理，使用函数 mysqli_real_escape_string 转义 SQL 语句中使用的字符串中的特殊字符；增加了延迟机制，登陆失败时使用函数 sleep 延迟 2 秒。

这种情况仍然可以直接暴力破解，只是爆破的时间会有所增加。

<?php

if( isset( $_GET[ 'Login' ] ) ) {
    // Sanitise username input
    $user = $_GET[ 'username' ];
    $user = ((isset($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]) && is_object($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"])) ? mysqli_real_escape_string($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"],  $user ) : ((trigger_error("[MySQLConverterToo] Fix the mysql_escape_string() call! This code does not work.", E_USER_ERROR)) ? "" : ""));

    // Sanitise password input
    $pass = $_GET[ 'password' ];
    $pass = ((isset($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]) && is_object($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"])) ? mysqli_real_escape_string($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"],  $pass ) : ((trigger_error("[MySQLConverterToo] Fix the mysql_escape_string() call! This code does not work.", E_USER_ERROR)) ? "" : ""));
    $pass = md5( $pass );

    // Check the database
    $query  = "SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE user = '$user' AND password = '$pass';";
    $result = mysqli_query($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"],  $query ) or die( '<pre>' . ((is_object($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"])) ? mysqli_error($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]) : (($___mysqli_res = mysqli_connect_error()) ? $___mysqli_res : false)) . '</pre>' );

    if( $result && mysqli_num_rows( $result ) == 1 ) {
        // Get users details
        $row    = mysqli_fetch_assoc( $result );
        $avatar = $row["avatar"];

        // Login successful
        echo "<p>Welcome to the password protected area {$user}</p>";
        echo "<img src=\"{$avatar}\" />";
    }
    else {
        // Login failed
        sleep( 2 );
        echo "<pre><br />Username and/or password incorrect.</pre>";
    }

    ((is_null($___mysqli_res = mysqli_close($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]))) ? false : $___mysqli_res);
}

?>

漏洞利用

和 Low 级别相同的方法，使用 Burp Suite 仍然可以暴力破解。

参阅

• PHP Manual - mysqli_real_escape_string
• PHP Manual - sleep

High

源码解析

使用 Anti-CSRF Token 来避免 CSRF 攻击，登陆时先对 token 进行检查，然后使用 stripslashes 对用户名和密码进行转义，最后进行数据库查询，登陆失败随机延迟 0~3 秒，在返回登陆页面时附带一个随机的 user_token。

<?php

if( isset( $_GET[ 'Login' ] ) ) {
    // Check Anti-CSRF token
    checkToken( $_REQUEST[ 'user_token' ], $_SESSION[ 'session_token' ], 'index.php' );

    // Sanitise username input
    $user = $_GET[ 'username' ];
    $user = stripslashes( $user );
    $user = ((isset($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]) && is_object($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"])) ? mysqli_real_escape_string($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"],  $user ) : ((trigger_error("[MySQLConverterToo] Fix the mysql_escape_string() call! This code does not work.", E_USER_ERROR)) ? "" : ""));

    // Sanitise password input
    $pass = $_GET[ 'password' ];
    $pass = stripslashes( $pass );
    $pass = ((isset($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]) && is_object($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"])) ? mysqli_real_escape_string($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"],  $pass ) : ((trigger_error("[MySQLConverterToo] Fix the mysql_escape_string() call! This code does not work.", E_USER_ERROR)) ? "" : ""));
    $pass = md5( $pass );

    // Check database
    $query  = "SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE user = '$user' AND password = '$pass';";
    $result = mysqli_query($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"],  $query ) or die( '<pre>' . ((is_object($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"])) ? mysqli_error($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]) : (($___mysqli_res = mysqli_connect_error()) ? $___mysqli_res : false)) . '</pre>' );

    if( $result && mysqli_num_rows( $result ) == 1 ) {
        // Get users details
        $row    = mysqli_fetch_assoc( $result );
        $avatar = $row["avatar"];

        // Login successful
        echo "<p>Welcome to the password protected area {$user}</p>";
        echo "<img src=\"{$avatar}\" />";
    }
    else {
        // Login failed
        sleep( rand( 0, 3 ) );
        echo "<pre><br />Username and/or password incorrect.</pre>";
    }

    ((is_null($___mysqli_res = mysqli_close($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]))) ? false : $___mysqli_res);
}

// Generate Anti-CSRF token
generateSessionToken();

?>

漏洞利用

浏览器中查看网页源码，url 中是上一次登录时提交的 user_token ，源码中隐藏着本次登录需要提交的 user_token。

同样使用 Burp Suite，先将请求数据发送给 Intruder 模块，用 § 符号标记需要测试的两个数据，一个是 password，另一个是 user_token，本次使用 Pitchfork 攻击方式。

在 Option 选项中找到 Grep - Extract，设置从响应中获取 user_token ，这里用光标选中想要的内容即可。

第一个数据 password 仍然使用 Kali 内置的爆破字典 /usr/share/wordlists/fasttrack.txt；

第二个数据 user_token 从响应页面中递归获取，起始数据为当前未提交登录的页面的 user_token。

最后一列数据表示从响应页面中提取的 user_token，同样暴力破解成功。

参阅

• PHP Manual - stripslashes
• Using Burp Intruder to Test CSRF Protected Applications
• Payload positions

Impossioble

源码解析

登陆失败随机延迟 2~4 秒，登陆失败 3 次锁定 15 分钟；使用预处理的 SQL 语句，先创建 SQL 语句模板发送给数据库，数据库进行解析、编译，再向数据库发送查询的参数，数据库对参数不进行解析，因此可以用于防御 SQL 注入攻击。

预处理使用 PHP 数据对象（PHP Data Object, PDO）扩展实现。

<?php

if( isset( $_POST[ 'Login' ] ) && isset ($_POST['username']) && isset ($_POST['password']) ) {
    // Check Anti-CSRF token
    checkToken( $_REQUEST[ 'user_token' ], $_SESSION[ 'session_token' ], 'index.php' );

    // Sanitise username input
    $user = $_POST[ 'username' ];
    $user = stripslashes( $user );
    $user = ((isset($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]) && is_object($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"])) ? mysqli_real_escape_string($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"],  $user ) : ((trigger_error("[MySQLConverterToo] Fix the mysql_escape_string() call! This code does not work.", E_USER_ERROR)) ? "" : ""));

    // Sanitise password input
    $pass = $_POST[ 'password' ];
    $pass = stripslashes( $pass );
    $pass = ((isset($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]) && is_object($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"])) ? mysqli_real_escape_string($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"],  $pass ) : ((trigger_error("[MySQLConverterToo] Fix the mysql_escape_string() call! This code does not work.", E_USER_ERROR)) ? "" : ""));
    $pass = md5( $pass );

    // Default values
    $total_failed_login = 3;
    $lockout_time       = 15;
    $account_locked     = false;

    // Check the database (Check user information)
    $data = $db->prepare( 'SELECT failed_login, last_login FROM users WHERE user = (:user) LIMIT 1;' );
    $data->bindParam( ':user', $user, PDO::PARAM_STR );
    $data->execute();
    $row = $data->fetch();

    // Check to see if the user has been locked out.
    if( ( $data->rowCount() == 1 ) && ( $row[ 'failed_login' ] >= $total_failed_login ) )  {
        // User locked out.  Note, using this method would allow for user enumeration!
        //echo "<pre><br />This account has been locked due to too many incorrect logins.</pre>";

        // Calculate when the user would be allowed to login again
        $last_login = strtotime( $row[ 'last_login' ] );
        $timeout    = $last_login + ($lockout_time * 60);
        $timenow    = time();

        /*
        print "The last login was: " . date ("h:i:s", $last_login) . "<br />";
        print "The timenow is: " . date ("h:i:s", $timenow) . "<br />";
        print "The timeout is: " . date ("h:i:s", $timeout) . "<br />";
        */

        // Check to see if enough time has passed, if it hasn't locked the account
        if( $timenow < $timeout ) {
            $account_locked = true;
            // print "The account is locked<br />";
        }
    }

    // Check the database (if username matches the password)
    $data = $db->prepare( 'SELECT * FROM users WHERE user = (:user) AND password = (:password) LIMIT 1;' );
    $data->bindParam( ':user', $user, PDO::PARAM_STR);
    $data->bindParam( ':password', $pass, PDO::PARAM_STR );
    $data->execute();
    $row = $data->fetch();

    // If its a valid login...
    if( ( $data->rowCount() == 1 ) && ( $account_locked == false ) ) {
        // Get users details
        $avatar       = $row[ 'avatar' ];
        $failed_login = $row[ 'failed_login' ];
        $last_login   = $row[ 'last_login' ];

        // Login successful
        echo "<p>Welcome to the password protected area <em>{$user}</em></p>";
        echo "<img src=\"{$avatar}\" />";

        // Had the account been locked out since last login?
        if( $failed_login >= $total_failed_login ) {
            echo "<p><em>Warning</em>: Someone might of been brute forcing your account.</p>";
            echo "<p>Number of login attempts: <em>{$failed_login}</em>.<br />Last login attempt was at: <em>${last_login}</em>.</p>";
        }

        // Reset bad login count
        $data = $db->prepare( 'UPDATE users SET failed_login = "0" WHERE user = (:user) LIMIT 1;' );
        $data->bindParam( ':user', $user, PDO::PARAM_STR );
        $data->execute();
    } else {
        // Login failed
        sleep( rand( 2, 4 ) );

        // Give the user some feedback
        echo "<pre><br />Username and/or password incorrect.<br /><br/>Alternative, the account has been locked because of too many failed logins.<br />If this is the case, <em>please try again in {$lockout_time} minutes</em>.</pre>";

        // Update bad login count
        $data = $db->prepare( 'UPDATE users SET failed_login = (failed_login + 1) WHERE user = (:user) LIMIT 1;' );
        $data->bindParam( ':user', $user, PDO::PARAM_STR );
        $data->execute();
    }

    // Set the last login time
    $data = $db->prepare( 'UPDATE users SET last_login = now() WHERE user = (:user) LIMIT 1;' );
    $data->bindParam( ':user', $user, PDO::PARAM_STR );
    $data->execute();
}

// Generate Anti-CSRF token
generateSessionToken();

?>

参阅

• PHP Manual - PHP 数据对象
• PHP Manual - PDO 类